GNU Collaborative International Dictionary of English

last match results

Found 2 definitions

1.       
   Equivalent , n.
   Something equivalent; that which is equal in value, worth, weight, or force; as, to offer an equivalent for damage done.
   1913 Webster
   He owned that, if the Test Act were repealed, the Protestants were entitled to some equivalent. . . . During some weeks the word equivalent, then lately imported from France, was in the mouths of all the coffeehouse orators.
   Macaulay.
   
   1913 Webster
   (Chem.) That comparative quantity by weight of an element which possesses the same chemical value as other elements, as determined by actual experiment and reference to the same standard. Specifically: (a) The comparative proportions by which one element replaces another in any particular compound; thus, as zinc replaces hydrogen in hydrochloric acid, their equivalents are 32.5 and 1. (b) The combining proportion by weight of a substance, or the number expressing this proportion, in any particular compound; as, the equivalents of hydrogen and oxygen in water are respectively 1 and 8, and in hydric dioxide 1 and 16.
   1913 Webster
   ☞ This term was adopted by Wollaston to avoid using the conjectural expression atomic weight, with which, however, for a time it was practically synonymous. The attempt to limit the term to the meaning of a universally comparative combining weight failed, because of the possibility of several compounds of the substances by reason of the variation in combining power which most elements exhibit. The equivalent was really identical with, or a multiple of submultiple of, the atomic weight.
   1913 Webster
   (Chem.) A combining unit, whether an atom, a radical, or a molecule; as, in acid salt two or more equivalents of acid unite with one or more equivalents of base.
   1913 Webster
   Mechanical equivalent of heat (Physics), originally defined as the number of units of work which the unit of heat can perform, equivalent to the mechanical energy which must be expended to raise the temperature of a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit; later this value was defined as one British thermal unit (B.t.u). Its value was found by Joule to be 772 foot pounds; later measurements give the value as 777.65 foot-pounds, equivalent to 107.5 kg-meters. This value was originally called Joule's equivalent, but the modern Joule is defined differently, being 107 ergs. The B.t.u. is now given as 1,054.35 absolute Joules, and therefore 1 calorie (the amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree centigrade) is equivalent to 4.186 Joules.
   1913 Webster
    + 
   PJC
   ☞ The original definition of the Mechanical equivalent of heat in the 1913 Webster was as below. The difference between foot pounds and kilogram-meters ("on the centigrade scale") is puzzling as it should be a factor of 7.23, and the figure given for kilogram-meters may be a mistaken misinterpretation of the report. -- PJC:
   
   The number of units of work which the unit of heat can perform; the mechanical energy which must be expended to raise the temperature of a unit weight of water from 0° C. to 1° C., or from 32° F. to 33° F. The term was introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn. Its value was found by Joule to be 1390 foot pounds upon the Centigrade, or 772 foot pounds upon the Fahrenheit, thermometric scale, whence it is often called Joule's equivalent, and represented by the symbol J. This is equal to 424 kilogram meters (Centigrade scale). A more recent determination by Professor Rowland gives the value 426.9 kilogram meters, for the latitude of Baltimore.
   1913 Webster
   +PJC
   
         
       

2.       
   Heat , n. [OE. hete, hæte, AS. hǣtu, hǣto, fr. hāt hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede, Sw. hetta. See Hot.]
   A force in nature which is recognized in various effects, but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation, and which, as manifested in fire, the sun's rays, mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its nature heat is a mode of motion, being in general a form of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was given the name caloric.
   1913 Webster
   ☞ As affecting the human body, heat produces different sensations, which are called by different names, as heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to its degree or amount relatively to the normal temperature of the body.
   1913 Webster
   The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire, the sun's rays, etc.; the reverse of cold.
   1913 Webster
   High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold; as, the heat of summer and the cold of winter; heat of the skin or body in fever, etc.
   1913 Webster
   Else how had the world . . . 
   Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat!
   Milton.
   
   1913 Webster
   Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness; high color; flush; degree of temperature to which something is heated, as indicated by appearance, condition, or otherwise.
   1913 Webster
   It has raised . . . heats in their faces.
   Addison.
   
   1913 Webster
   The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red heat, a white-flame heat, and a sparkling or welding heat.
   Moxon.
   
   1913 Webster
   A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in a furnace; as, to make a horseshoe in a certain number of heats.
   1913 Webster
   A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as, he won two heats out of three.
   1913 Webster
   Many causes . . . for refreshment betwixt the heats.
   Dryden.
   
   1913 Webster
   [He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of “Tam o' Shanter.”
   J. C. Shairp.
   
   1913 Webster
   Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as, the heat of battle or party. “The heat of their division.” 
   Shak.
   
   1913 Webster
   Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation. “The heat and hurry of his rage.” 
   South.
   
   1913 Webster
   Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency; as, in the heat of argument.
   1913 Webster
   With all the strength and heat of eloquence.
   Addison.
   
   1913 Webster
   (Zool.) Sexual excitement in animals; readiness for sexual activity; estrus or rut.
   1913 Webster
   +PJC
   Fermentation.
   1913 Webster
   Strong psychological pressure, as in a police investigation; as, when they turned up the heat, he took it on the lam. [slang] 
   PJC
   Animal heat, Blood heat, Capacity for heat, etc. See under Animal, Blood, etc. -- Atomic heat (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant, the mean value being 6.4. -- Dynamical theory of heat, that theory of heat which assumes it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar motion of the ultimate particles of matter. Heat engine, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine. -- Heat producers. (Physiol.) See under Food. -- Heat rays, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible spectrum. -- Heat weight (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute temperature; -- called also thermodynamic function, and entropy. -- Mechanical equivalent of heat. See under Equivalent. -- Specific heat of a substance (at any temperature), the number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one degree. -- Unit of heat, the quantity of heat required to raise, by one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water, initially at a certain standard temperature. The temperature usually employed is that of 0° Centigrade, or 32° Fahrenheit.
   1913 Webster